Author profile
Emma Bruce
5 research reports in the KD Lab library.
Biography
About
Dr Emma Bruce is an assessment researcher at the British Council, responsible for research and validation of IELTS. She has conducted recent research into IELTS Online, IELTS One Skill Retakes, and test score validity periods. Before joining the British Counci in 2021, she worked in higher education in Hong Kong and the UK.
1 Introduction 2 Overview of the two tests
2.1 IELTS 2.2 TOEFL iBT
Research library
Reports
2025 Aligning scores of language proficiency tests: A score concordance study between IELTS Academic and TOEFL iBT Equivalency; Test comparisons; Scoring 2023 IELTS Online: Overview IELTS Test - Listening and Reading; IELTS Test - Speaking; IELTS Test - Writing; Impact and Washback - IELTS on Computer; Technology; Test delivery 2023 IELTS writing scales review and update – summary overview Examiners and Scoring - Writing; IELTS Test - Writing; Scoring 2023 Review of Recommended 2-year Limit on IELTS Validity IELTS Test - Speaking; IELTS Test - Writing; Impact and Washback - Stakeholder attitudes; Impact and Washback - Use of test scores 2022 IELTS One Skill Retake: A Bias for Best Model IELTS Test - Listening and Reading; IELTS Test - Speaking; IELTS Test - Writing; Impact and Washback - Improvement in test scores; Impact and Washback - Use of test scores; Test delivery